Artificial Intelligence aka AI draws upon search results from ebooks, databases, encyclopaedias, dictionaries and Web sites including ‘The Movie Database’ so I have corrected its Robert Krasker entry based on verifiable facts

Screenshot of Robert Krasker entry at The Movie Database aka TMDB at themoviedb.org pn 19 April 2024.

The Movie Database‘s entry on Robert Krasker copies the text from an old version of Wikipedia‘s entry on him that was low on verifiable facts and relied too much on assumptions and conjecture.

Today I discovered that at least two major chat and search AIs draw heavily on both of the above for their responses to research questions on Robert Krasker so have corrected the entry on him at The Movie Database and will see what I can do about it currently allocating him 42 “known credits” instead of the over 60 that should be there and that are confirmed by apparently more reliable movie databases such as IMDb.

Several months ago, as an interim measure, I corrected the Wikipedia page on Robert Krasker and am currently working on a major update and citation-packed overhaul of it to be published in due course.

As a result of my corrections to the TMDB entry as above, the Content Score has jumped from 62 to 100.

Links

Fact Check: ‘The Film Encyclopedia 7th Edition: The Complete Guide To Film And The Film Industry’, by Ephraim Katz and Ronald Dean Nolan, 2012

The Film Encyclopedia 7th Edition: The Complete Guide To Film And The Film Industry, by Ephraim Katz and Ronald Dean Nolan‎, HarperCollins US, 7th edition, 30 May 2012, ISBN-10: ‎0062026151, ISBN-13: ‎9780062026156, ASIN:‎ B00APGK0NG.

In order to compile a worthy collection of citations about the great Australian cinematographer Robert Krasker and the more than sixty feature films upon which he worked I’ve been searching through all the film dictionaries and encyclopedias that I can find.

Ephraim Katz’s and Ronald Dean Nolen’s The Film Encyclopedia 7th Edition: The Complete Guide To Film And The Film Industry appears to be highly regarded at least by Katherine Hepburn, “Wow! What a book!”, and Newsweek, “The best movie reference book, hands down”, so best for me to include it in my fact checks here at The Robert Krasker Project.

“Ephraim Katz’s The Film Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive single-volume encyclopedia on film and is considered the undisputed bible of the film industry.” 

The Film Encyclopedia 7th Edition: The Complete Guide To Film And The Film Industry Paperback – 30 May 2012 
by  Ephraim Katz  (Author), Ronald Dean Nolen  (Author), https://www.amazon.com.au/Film-Encyclopedia-Complete-Guide-Industry/dp/0062026151/

I have been wondering where some of the common misconceptions about Robert Krasker and his films, or what some refer to as “alternative facts”, come from and this entry on him may offer some clues.

It is not only important but crucial to challenge “alternative facts”, that is facts that are not actually factual, given this is the era of “post-truth” but also because artificial intelligence is being trained on huge datasets of written material in digital form — referred to as Book1, Book2 and Book3.

Every so often I put AI-based search engines as well as chat and generative AI projects of various sorts to the test and despite their makers’ claims that they are improving, they continue to create what are referred to as “hallucinations” of fact.

More precisely, stuff that is made up and is based on nothing, or assumptions or conjecture.

Robert Krasker in The Film Encyclopedia 7th Edition: The Complete Guide To Film And The Film Industry, by Ephraim Katz and Ronald Dean Nolan‎, HarperCollins US, 7th edition, 30 May 2012, ISBN-10: ‎0062026151, ISBN-13: ‎9780062026156, ASIN:‎ B00APGK0NG.

Krasker, Robert. Director of photography. b. Aug. 21, 1913, Perth, Australia. d. 1981. He started his film career in France, then moved to England in 1930. There he worked as a camera operator (Rembrandt, The Drum, The Four Feathers, The Thief of Bagdad) before establishing himself as a leading lighting cameraman. A brilliant technician and a master of color photography, he was behind the lens on some of Britain’s most important films beginning in the mid-40s, occasionally also working abroad. He won an Academy Award for The Third Man (1949).

FILMS INCLUDE: The Gentle Sex 1943; Henry V (co-phot.) 1944; Brief Encounter, Caesar and Cleopatra (co-phot.) 1945; Odd Man Out 1947; The Third Man 1949; State Secret, Cry the Beloved Country 1952; Senso (co- phot.; It.), Romeo and Juliet (It./UK) 1954; Alexander the Great (US), Trapeze (US) 1956; The Story of Esther Costello 1957; The Quiet American (US) 1958; The Doctor’s Dilemma, Libel 1959; The Criminal/The Concrete Jungle 1960; El Cid (US/It.) 1961; Billy Budd, Guns of Darkness, Birdman of Alcatraz (co-phot.; US) 1962; The Fall of the Roman Empire (US) 1964; The Heroes of Telemark, The Collector (co-phot.; US/UK) 1965; The Trap (Can./UK) 1966.

One such “fact” that has found some traction online and in reference books is that Robert Krasker was one of the cinematographers on Birdman of Alcatraz.

A more common one is that he was born in Perth, and there are more with many of them quite odd such as “he trained and worked in a succession of photography studios in Australia before moving to Europe”.

All that aside, this quote from The Film Encyclopedia may prove useful for the revision and enlargement of the Robert Krasker entry in Wikipedia:

“A brilliant technician and a master of color photography, he was behind the lens on some of Britain’s most important films beginning in the mid-40s, occasionally also working abroad.”

Fact Checks

  • b. Aug. 21, 1913, Perth, Australia.” – Robert Krasker was born on 21 August 1913 in Alexandria in Egypt during a stopover by his parents while on a business trip from Western Australia to Europe and back.
  • “He started his film career in France, then moved to England in 1930.” – Robert Krasker began working in the film industry at Les Studios Paramount in Joinville-le-Pont. So far I don’t have the exact date that he started work there nor precisely when he moved to England to be with the rest of his family, but it looks like he began working for Paramount in France late 1930 or early 1931 then moved to England later in 1931.
  • Henry V (co-phot.) 1944″ – Robert Krasker was Director of Photography on Henry V, and was not its co-photographer. Instead he employed a camera team that included a camera operator, clapper/loader, focus-puller and so on. The distinction between Director of Photography aka lighting cameraman aka cinematographer and camera operator needs to be recognized.
  • Birdman of Alcatraz (co-phot.; US) 1962″ – Robert Krasker was not co-photographer of Birdman of Alcatraz nor did he work on it in any other capacity.

Time: TIME100 AI

We are keenly aware that artificial intelligence aka AI will have a huge effect on communications, creativity, knowledge, productivity, research and storytelling in all their forms and applications. We were right there in the centre of it all during the revolution of the World Wide Web, taking active part in it from the moment it was revealed to those of us in communications then in working with some of the pioneers in creating new types of content and enabling commerce on the Web.

The AI revolution is an even bigger one than that and Time magazine’s TIME AI 100 issue nay be essential reading in print – if we can find a copy at whatever is left of newsagents here in Sydney – or online.

The big questions are how and how much AI will affect everything we do and we hope that the people Time has interviewed for this issue can offer some useful guidance instead of the all-too-customary doom and gloom.

We’ve already begun using AI for The Robert Krasker Project and that usage will only increase so long as AI developers keep refining the tools and taking them in the right direction.

Links

We’ve been trying out some AI image generation software to create photo-illustrations for The Robert Krasker Project

Given the low free availability of portrait and behind-the-scenes photographs of the great Australian cinematographer Robert Krasker, BSC, and the unaffordable fees for those that are held by picture agencies, we’ve been trying out some artificial intelligence aka AI image generators.

If we can’t use the real thing, then might photo-illustrations be useful in some cases?

And how about using AI for storyboards?

So far the results have been… odd, to say the least, especially in regard to how the various AI applications render movie cameras and Robert Krasker himself.

The latter problem may well be exacerbated by the paucity of decent photographs of Robert Krasker on the World Wide Web, but surely there is no shortage of good images out there of many and various models of professional movie cameras from the film era through to the latest digital cinema cameras in manufacturer and retailer product shots and in behind-the-scenes (BTS) photographs?

For your amusement, here are some of the latest images created by two AI image generators that we signed up to today – free and not paid-for as the tech does not seem to be quite there yet:

For a bit of fun I asked the AIs to use a Fujifilm X-H2S and Fujinon MKX 18-55mm T2.9 cinema zoom lens for these images a couple of times. Can you pick which ones?

The ideal way of doing these sorts of images might be to ask the AI to riff off of an actual photograph of Robert Krasker while trying to be as photorealistic as possible, but that sort of functionality seems to be relatively new and usually requires a paid subscription.

The most impressive AI of the two right now is Leonardo.ai and it looks like we’ll keep trying it out some more soon.

We try generating text for an article and documentary treatment about Robert Krasker, BSC, using artificial intelligence aka AI, again, and the results are much better

Practising is everything so we tried using Google’s experimental Bard AI project to generate article-style text and here is the latest version:

Robert Krasker BSC (August 21, 1913 – August 16, 1981) was an Australian-born Jewish cinematographer who worked in British and European cinema. He was known for his use of light and shadow to create atmosphere and mood in his films, and he was influenced by a variety of different styles and movements, including New Objectivity, film noir, Italian neorealism, and British social realism.

Krasker was Australian-born to naturalized Australian parents who had emigrated from eastern Europe. His father was from Romania and his mother from the Austro-Hungarian empire. They were both educated in Paris, and they moved from there to London and then to Western Australia. After Robert Krasker’s father died in an accident in Shark Bay, the family travelled between Australia and Paris several times, finally all returning to London before the start of World War Two.

Krasker studied art in Paris and optics and photography in Dresden, Germany. In 1932, he moved to London and began his career as a camera operator. He made his debut as a director of photography in 1943 with the film The Gentle Sex.

Krasker’s most famous work is perhaps his collaboration with director Carol Reed on The Third Man (1949), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. The film is set in post-war Vienna, and Krasker’s use of lighting and shadows helps to create a sense of mystery and unease. He also worked with Reed on the films Odd Man Out (1947), Trapeze (1956), and The Running Man (1963).

Krasker’s other notable films include Brief Encounter (1945), Another Man’s Poison (1947), and Alexander the Great (1956). He worked on over 50 films during his career, and his work is often praised for its beauty and its sense of realism. He was a respected member of the film community, and he was known for his generosity and his willingness to help young filmmakers. He was a mentor to many aspiring cinematographers, and he was always willing to share his knowledge and expertise.

Krasker died in London in 1981 at the age of 67. He is considered to be one of the greatest cinematographers of all time, and his work continues to be enjoyed by audiences around the world. However, he has not received the same level of recognition in Australia as he has in other parts of the world. This is a shame, as he is a true Australian cinematographic icon.

I hope that one day Krasker’s work will be rediscovered and appreciated by Australian audiences. He is a talented and accomplished cinematographer who made significant contributions to the art of filmmaking. His work should be celebrated and remembered, not forgotten.”

Then we asked Bard to create a treatment for a documentary on Robert Krasker and here is what it came up with:

Title: Robert Krasker, BSC: A Cinematic Master

Logline: This documentary tells the story of Robert Krasker, one of the greatest cinematographers of all time, and his work in American, British and European cinema.

Synopsis: The documentary will explore Krasker’s life and career, from his early days in Australia to his work on some of the most iconic films of the 20th century, such as The Third Man, Brief Encounter, and Trapeze. It will also examine his influences, his techniques, and his legacy.

Interviews: The documentary will feature interviews with Krasker’s friends, colleagues, and family members, as well as film historians and critics. These interviews will provide insights into Krasker’s personality, his work ethic, and his creative process.

Archival footage: The documentary will also feature archival footage of Krasker at work, as well as clips from his films. This footage will help to bring Krasker’s work to life and show how his cinematography helped to shape the look and feel of some of the most memorable films of all time.

Narrator: The documentary will be narrated by a well-known actor or actress. The narrator will provide context for the film and help to guide the audience through Krasker’s life and career.

Themes: The documentary will explore the following themes:

  • The art of cinematography
  • The importance of light and shadow
  • The power of film to create atmosphere and mood
  • The legacy of Robert Krasker

Target audience: The documentary will appeal to a wide audience, including film buffs, cinephiles, and anyone interested in the art of cinematography.

Production values: The documentary will be produced to the highest standards, with high-quality cinematography and editing. It will be a visually stunning and informative film that will celebrate the life and work of one of the great masters of cinema.”

Then I asked Google Bard to tell me its reference sources for Robert Krasker and here is its reply:

“Here are some resources where I can get facts about Robert Krasker:

  • Wikipedia: Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. It is a good place to start for general information about Krasker.
  • IMDb: IMDb is an online database of films, television shows, and video games. It includes information about Krasker’s filmography, as well as reviews and ratings of his films.
  • British Society of Cinematographers: The British Society of Cinematographers is a professional organization for cinematographers. Their website includes a biography of Krasker, as well as a list of his films.
  • British Film Institute: The British Film Institute is a national institution dedicated to preserving and promoting British film culture. Their website includes a filmography of Krasker’s films, as well as essays and interviews about his work.
  • Google Scholar: Google Scholar is a search engine for academic research papers. It can be used to find articles about Krasker’s work.

I can also access and process information from the real world through Google Search and keep my response consistent with search results.”

Although those websites are the most obvious ones they are not necessarily the best, most complete or the most accurate. All that is, after all, what The Robert Krasker Project is for so I asked Bard to use Google Search and look further including here. It replied in the negative. Pity!

Links

Is Artificial Intelligence aka AI advanced enough to help with our research for The Robert Krasker Project?

Artificial Intelligence aka AI continues to be big news with pundits predicting its unregulated development threatens the existence of the human race but is it ready for use as an aid in researching and writing for, say, The Robert Krasker Project?

Perhaps not.

The list of in-development AI projects is ever-growing and almost all of them require you to sign up and share your means of payment even for a quick tryout.

We found two AI projects, however, that gave us access to some tryouts without giving over our credit card details and this is a quick report on what we found.

First off we tried having a visual AI project create portraits of Robert Krasker with and without movie camera and this is what it came up with:

The first one looks a little like the real Robert Krasker but grants him three hands, thus eliminating the need for a focus-puller, while the other two are of some other guy altogether.

And the cameras… WTF?

The we tried out a text-generating AI project and after a long series of prompts and corrections of fact it came up with a reasonable though unusable article that I won’t share here.

Admittedly before Dr Falk Schwarz undertook his real-life and online research into Robert Krasker then wrote his excellent book Farbige Schatten – Der Kameramann Robert Krasker, which we are translating into English from the original German, there was too little known about Australia’s greatest feature film director of photography other than what is in his IMDb entry and a couple of institutional dictionary entries that heavily borrow from each other.

The Wikipedia entry on Robert Krasker is slim to say the least and Wikipedia itself, we have found, can be a very unreliable source with editing wars often proceeding between self-appointed experts to the point where an article can become unusable as a reference.

The text-generating AI got it partially right all of the time but kept making facts up and, after a correction prompt, then forgot what it had got right in previous attempts, making the whole process rather frustrating as well as stimulating.

Clearly we need to research how to better write prompts and practise more sometime soon after that particular heavily-funded AI makes some improvements.

We’ll keep trying after that but meanwhile we’ll be getting back to translating Dr Falk Schwarz’s book tomorrow.